動詞的時態
1. 動詞的時態主要有:
一般現在時、現在進行時、現在完成時、現在完成進行時、一般過去時、過去進行時、過去完成時、一般過去將來時、一般將來時、將來進行時和將來完成時等。
2. 一般將來時的表達方式:
(1)一般將來時表示未來的動作或狀態,常與表示將來的時間狀語,如:tomorrow, next day, soon, in a month, in the future, next Sunday等連用。有時句中無時間狀語,時間關系由上下文暗示;
(2)will do還表示臨時的決定;
(3)在if, unless, before, after, until等引導的條件或時間狀語從句中,從句用一般現在時代替一般將來時,而主句用一般將來時;
(4) "be going to+動詞原形"表示打算、計劃、決定要做的事或有跡象表明即將發生的動作或狀態;
(5) "be+V-ing形式"表示按計劃、安排即將發生的動作,這一結構常用于以下動詞,如:come, go, leave, arrive, return, fly, meet, see, do, have, get等;
(6) "be about to+動詞原形"表示打算或安排即將發生的動作。它一般不與表示時間的副詞或其他時間狀語連用;
(7) "be to+動詞原形"表示按計劃、安排即將發生的動作;
(8) 一般現在時表示按時刻表或根據規定將要發生的動作,這一結構常用于表示位移的動詞,如:come, go, leave, start, begin, take off, set off等。
動詞的語態
1. 一般現在時的被動語態:
is/am/are+V-ed。例如:English is widely spoken all over the world.
2. 一般過去時的被動語態:
was/were+V-ed。例如:The underground was built five years ago.
3. 一般將來時的被動語態:
①will/shall be+V-ed。例如:
The decision will be made at the meeting tomorrow.
We shall be punished if we break the rule.
②be going to be+V-ed。例如:The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow.
③be to be+V-ed。例如:The sports meet is to be held on April 20.
4. 現在完成時的被動語態:
have/has been +V-ed。例如:Many a house has been built in our city so far.
5. 現在進行時的被動語態:
is/am/are being+V-ed。例如:The stadium is being built in the north of our city at present.
6. 短語動詞在變被動語態時,因其是一個不可分割的整體,故不可丟掉短語動詞的介詞或副詞。例如:
The nurse took good care of the patients.→The patients were taken good care of by the nurse.
7. 帶有雙賓語的句子的被動語態:帶有雙賓語的句子在變為被動結構時,可以將一個變為主語,另一個(多為直接賓語)仍舊保留在謂語后面。例如:
My aunt gave me a bike.
→I was given a bike by my aunt.
→A bike was given to me by my aunt.
8. 帶有復合賓語的句子,變為被動結構時,賓語補足語相應變為主語補足語。要注意,主動語態中作賓語補足語的不帶to的不定式,在變為被動語態時要帶to。例如:
(1)The boss made his workers work hard for him every day.→His workers were made to work hard for him every day by the boss.
(2)Everyone calls him Big Brother.→He was called Big Brother by everyone.
(3)I saw him going into the supermarket.→He was seen going into the supermarket.
9. 帶有情態動詞的句子在變為被動語態時,可變成:情態動詞+be/have been+V-ed。例如:
They must like the book very much.→The book must be liked very much by them.
She must have known the truth.→The truth must have been known by her.
不用于被動語態的主要詞匯
1. 系動詞,如:look, sound, sense, smell, feel, appear, remain, stay, keep等不用于被動語態。
2. 不及物動詞及短語動詞,如:arise, happen, occur, last, take place, break out, belong to, consist of, come about, come out等不用于被動語態。
【目標訓練】
用括號內詞匯的適當形式填空。
1. Robert usually ______________ (go) to school on foot every morning.
2. The train ______________ (leave) at 9:00 a.m, so you needn’t hurry.
3. If my father ______________ (know) the truth, he will get angry.
4. Preparations for the program ______________ (start) a year ago and ______________ (finish) in three months.
5. Smoking ______________ (believe) to cause more than 6 million deaths worldwide each year.
6. My childhood ______________ (make) magical because of the wonderful writer Roald Dahl.
7. The couple ______________ (visit) China next month and they have bought the plane tickets.
8. We ______________ (spend) next weekend in Hainan with the Greens.
9. Up to now, nine miners ______________ (rescue) from the mine by the rescue team.
10. Much of the research ______________ (take place) during the winter, when trees are bare (光禿禿的).
Key:
1. goes
2. leaves
3. knows
4. were started; will be finished
5. is believed
6. was made
7. will visit/are visiting
8. will spend/are spending
9. have been rescued
10. takes place
